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Overview

Uniprot IDP09606
Protein NameGlutamine synthetase
Gene NameGlul
OrganismRattus norvegicus

Kla Sites from experimental identification

Position Flanking peptide
107 EVFKYNRKPAETNLR
11 SASSHLNKGIKQMYM
14 SHLNKGIKQMYMNLP
291 HIRAYDPKGGLDNAR
333 PRIVGQEKKGYFEDR
334 RIVGQEKKGYFEDRR
372 GDEPFQYKN******

Function

Glutamine synthetase that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine (PubMed:28323). Its role depends on tissue localization: in the brain, it regulates the levels of toxic ammonia and converts neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, whereas in the liver, it is one of the enzymes responsible for the removal of ammonia (By similarity). Plays a key role in ammonium detoxification during erythropoiesis: the glutamine synthetase activity is required to remove ammonium generated by porphobilinogen deaminase (HMBS) during heme biosynthesis to prevent ammonium accumulation and oxidative stress (By similarity). Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts (By similarity). Independently of its glutamine synthetase activity, required for endothelial cell migration during vascular development (By similarity). Involved in angiogenesis by regulating membrane localization and activation of the GTPase RHOJ, possibly by promoting RHOJ palmitoylation. May act as a palmitoyltransferase for RHOJ: able to autopalmitoylate and then transfer the palmitoyl group to RHOJ. Plays a role in ribosomal 40S subunit biogenesis. Through the interaction with BEST2, inhibits BEST2 channel activity by affecting the gating at the aperture in the absence of intracellular L-glutamate, but sensitizes BEST2 to intracellular L-glutamate, which promotes the opening of BEST2 and thus relieves its inhibitory effect on BEST2 (By similarity)

Protein Sequence

10 MATSASSHLN 20 KGIKQMYMNL 30 PQGEKIQLMY 40 IWVDGTGEGL 50 RCKTRTLDCD 60 PKCVEELPEW 70 NFDGSSTFQS 80 EGSNSDMYLH 90 PVAMFRDPFR 100 RDPNKLVFCE 110 VFKYNRKPAE 120 TNLRHSCKRI 130 MDMVSSQHPW 140 FGMEQEYTLM 150 GTDGHPFGWP 160 SNGFPGPQGP 170 YYCGVGADKA 180 YGRDIVEAHY 190 RACLYAGIKI 200 TGTNAEVMPA 210 QWEFQIGPCE 220 GIRMGDHLWV 230 ARFILHRVCE 240 DFGVIATFDP 250 KPIPGNWNGA 260 GCHTNFSTKA 270 MREENGLRCI 280 EEAIDKLSKR 290 HQYHIRAYDP 300 KGGLDNARRL 310 TGFHETSNIN 320 DFSAGVANRS 330 ASIRIPRIVG 340 QEKKGYFEDR 350 RPSANCDPYA 360 VTEAIVRTCL 370 LNETGDEPFQ YKN

Gene Ontology

Classification GO ID Description
Cellular Component GO:0043679 axon terminus
Cellular Component GO:0044297 cell body
Cellular Component GO:0042995 cell projection
Cellular Component GO:0005737 cytoplasm
Cellular Component GO:0005829 cytosol
Cellular Component GO:0097386 glial cell projection
Cellular Component GO:0005739 mitochondrion
Cellular Component GO:0043209 myelin sheath
Cellular Component GO:0043204 perikaryon
Cellular Component GO:0005886 plasma membrane
Cellular Component GO:0032991 protein-containing complex
Molecular Function GO:0005524 ATP binding
Molecular Function GO:0045503 dynein light chain binding
Molecular Function GO:0016595 glutamate binding
Molecular Function GO:0004356 glutamine synthetase activity
Molecular Function GO:0042802 identical protein binding
Molecular Function GO:0000287 magnesium ion binding
Molecular Function GO:0030145 manganese ion binding
Molecular Function GO:0016151 nickel cation binding
Molecular Function GO:0019706 protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity
Biological Process GO:0019676 ammonia assimilation cycle
Biological Process GO:0001525 angiogenesis
Biological Process GO:0008283 cell population proliferation
Biological Process GO:0009267 cellular response to starvation
Biological Process GO:0006536 glutamate metabolic process
Biological Process GO:0006542 glutamine biosynthetic process
Biological Process GO:0097275 intracellular ammonium homeostasis
Biological Process GO:0050679 positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
Biological Process GO:0045648 positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Biological Process GO:0032024 positive regulation of insulin secretion
Biological Process GO:0051968 positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
Biological Process GO:0018345 protein palmitoylation
Biological Process GO:0010594 regulation of endothelial cell migration
Biological Process GO:1904749 regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
Biological Process GO:1903670 regulation of sprouting angiogenesis
Biological Process GO:0009749 response to glucose
Biological Process GO:0042254 ribosome biogenesis

Reference

[1] Yao Y, Bade R, Li G, Zhang A, Zhao H et al.. Global-Scale Profiling of Differential Expressed Lysine-Lactylated Proteins in the Cerebral Endothelium of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Rats.. Cell Mol Neurobiol 43(5):1989-2004. 2023 Jul. PMID: 36030297.

[2] Chen Y, Sun W, Sun Z, Zhao H, Wu T et al.. Effect of electroacupuncture on hippocampal protein lactylation in a rat model of vascular dementia.. Front Neurol 16:1629474. 2025. PMID: 40963935.