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Overview

Uniprot IDP17096
Protein NameHigh mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y
Gene NameHMGA1
OrganismHomo sapiens

Kla Sites from experimental identification

Position Flanking peptide
15 SSQPLASKQEKDGTE
31 RGRGRPRKQPPVSPG
46 TALVGSQKEPSEVPT
55 PSEVPTPKRPRGRPK
7 *MSESSSKSSQPLAS
74 KGAAKTRKTTTTPGR

Function

HMG-I/Y bind preferentially to the minor groove of A+T rich regions in double-stranded DNA. It is suggested that these proteins could function in nucleosome phasing and in the 3'-end processing of mRNA transcripts. They are also involved in the transcription regulation of genes containing, or in close proximity to A+T-rich regions

Protein Sequence

10 MSESSSKSSQ 20 PLASKQEKDG 30 TEKRGRGRPR 40 KQPPVSPGTA 50 LVGSQKEPSE 60 VPTPKRPRGR 70 PKGSKNKGAA 80 KTRKTTTTPG 90 RKPRGRPKKL 100 EKEEEEGISQ ESSEEEQ

Gene Ontology

Classification GO ID Description
Cellular Component GO:0005829 cytosol
Cellular Component GO:0005925 focal adhesion
Cellular Component GO:0031965 nuclear membrane
Cellular Component GO:0005654 nucleoplasm
Cellular Component GO:0005634 nucleus
Cellular Component GO:0090575 RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex
Cellular Component GO:0035985 senescence-associated heterochromatin focus
Cellular Component GO:0005667 transcription regulator complex
Molecular Function GO:0051575 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase activity
Molecular Function GO:0003682 chromatin binding
Molecular Function GO:0000987 cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
Molecular Function GO:0003677 DNA binding
Molecular Function GO:0008301 DNA binding, bending
Molecular Function GO:0003906 DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity
Molecular Function GO:0019899 enzyme binding
Molecular Function GO:0003680 minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA binding
Molecular Function GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity
Molecular Function GO:0140677 molecular function activator activity
Molecular Function GO:0042974 nuclear retinoic acid receptor binding
Molecular Function GO:0046965 nuclear retinoid X receptor binding
Molecular Function GO:0042975 peroxisome proliferator activated receptor binding
Molecular Function GO:0003723 RNA binding
Molecular Function GO:0000978 RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
Molecular Function GO:0030527 structural constituent of chromatin
Molecular Function GO:0003713 transcription coactivator activity
Molecular Function GO:0003712 transcription coregulator activity
Molecular Function GO:0001221 transcription coregulator binding
Biological Process GO:0006284 base-excision repair
Biological Process GO:0006351 DNA-templated transcription
Biological Process GO:0035556 intracellular signal transduction
Biological Process GO:0008285 negative regulation of cell population proliferation
Biological Process GO:0045892 negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription
Biological Process GO:0006337 nucleosome disassembly
Biological Process GO:0090402 oncogene-induced cell senescence
Biological Process GO:0045893 positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription
Biological Process GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
Biological Process GO:0006355 regulation of DNA-templated transcription

Reference

[1] Yang D, Yin J, Shan L, Yi X, Zhang W et al.. Identification of lysine-lactylated substrates in gastric cancer cells.. iScience 25(7):104630. 2022 Jul 15. PMID: 35800753.

[2] Yang Z, Yan C, Ma J, Peng P, Ren X et al.. Lactylome analysis suggests lactylation-dependent mechanisms of metabolic adaptation in hepatocellular carcinoma.. Nat Metab 5(1):61-79. 2023 Jan. PMID: 36593272.

[3] Hong H, Chen X, Wang H, Gu X, Yuan Y et al.. Global profiling of protein lysine lactylation and potential target modified protein analysis in hepatocellular carcinoma.. Proteomics 23(9):e2200432. 2023 May. PMID: 36625413.

[4] Cheng Z, Huang H, Li M, Chen Y. Proteomic analysis identifies PFKP lactylation in SW480 colon cancer cells.. iScience 27(1):108645. 2024 Jan 19. PMID: 38155775.

[5] He C, Zhang J, Bai X, Lu C, Zhang K. Lysine lactylation-based insight to understanding the characterization of cervical cancer.. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1870(7):167356. 2024 Oct. PMID: 39025375.

[6] Bao Q, Wan N, He Z, Cao J, Yuan W et al.. Subcellular Proteomic Mapping of Lysine Lactylation.. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 35(12):3221-3232. 2024 Dec 4. PMID: 39569522.

[7] Guo X, Ren X, Yan C, Huang H. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Role of Lysine Lactylation in Lenalidomide-Resistance in Multiple Myeloma Cells.. ACS Chem Biol 20(7):1728-1738. 2025 Jul 18. PMID: 40590393.

[8] He J, Lai T, Zhou Z, Yang H, Lei Z et al.. Multiomics profiling reveals the involvement of protein lactylation in nonhomologous end joining pathway conferring radioresistance in lung adenocarcinoma cell.. Sci Rep 15(1):24651. 2025 Jul 9. PMID: 40634431.

[9] Wu Q, Li Z, Gong T, Zheng X, Zhou X et al.. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection induces lysine lactylation reprogramming in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 16:1706727. 2026. PMID: 41696360.