Search Results
Overview
| Uniprot ID | P26583 |
|---|---|
| Protein Name | High mobility group protein B2 |
| Gene Name | HMGB2 |
| Organism | Homo sapiens |
Kla Sites from experimental identification
| Position | Flanking peptide |
|---|---|
| 12 | DPNKPRGKMSSYAFF |
| 157 | KLKEKYEKDIAAYRA |
| 173 | GKSEAGKKGPGRPTG |
| 182 | PGRPTGSKKKNEPED |
| 3 | *****MGKGDPNKPR |
| 30 | CREEHKKKHPDSSVN |
| 44 | NFAEFSKKCSERWKT |
| 59 | MSAKEKSKFEDMAKS |
| 76 | ARYDREMKNYVPPKG |
| 82 | MKNYVPPKGDKKGKK |
| 85 | YVPPKGDKKGKKKDP |
| 86 | VPPKGDKKGKKKDPN |
Function
Multifunctional protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. May act in a redox sensitive manner. In the nucleus is an abundant chromatin-associated non-histone protein involved in transcription, chromatin remodeling and V(D)J recombination and probably other processes. Binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity (PubMed:11909973, PubMed:18413230, PubMed:19522541, PubMed:19965638, PubMed:20123072, PubMed:7797075). Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) (By similarity). Proposed to be involved in the innate immune response to nucleic acids by acting as a promiscuous immunogenic DNA/RNA sensor which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors (By similarity). In the extracellular compartment acts as a chemokine. Promotes proliferation and migration of endothelial cells implicating AGER/RAGE (PubMed:19811285). Has antimicrobial activity in gastrointestinal epithelial tissues (PubMed:23877675). Involved in inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus coupled with pro-inflammatory activity (By similarity). Involved in modulation of neurogenesis probably by regulation of neural stem proliferation (By similarity). Involved in articular cartilage surface maintenance implicating LEF1 and the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway (By similarity)
Protein Sequence
Gene Ontology
| Classification | GO ID | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Cellular Component | GO:0000785 | chromatin |
| Cellular Component | GO:0000793 | condensed chromosome |
| Cellular Component | GO:0005737 | cytoplasm |
| Cellular Component | GO:0005615 | extracellular space |
| Cellular Component | GO:0005730 | nucleolus |
| Cellular Component | GO:0005654 | nucleoplasm |
| Cellular Component | GO:0005634 | nucleus |
| Cellular Component | GO:0048471 | perinuclear region of cytoplasm |
| Cellular Component | GO:0032991 | protein-containing complex |
| Molecular Function | GO:0042056 | chemoattractant activity |
| Molecular Function | GO:0000987 | cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding |
| Molecular Function | GO:0003684 | damaged DNA binding |
| Molecular Function | GO:0003677 | DNA binding |
| Molecular Function | GO:0008301 | DNA binding, bending |
| Molecular Function | GO:0140297 | DNA-binding transcription factor binding |
| Molecular Function | GO:0003690 | double-stranded DNA binding |
| Molecular Function | GO:0000400 | four-way junction DNA binding |
| Molecular Function | GO:0044378 | non-sequence-specific DNA binding, bending |
| Molecular Function | GO:0019904 | protein domain specific binding |
| Molecular Function | GO:0050786 | RAGE receptor binding |
| Molecular Function | GO:0003723 | RNA binding |
| Molecular Function | GO:0003697 | single-stranded DNA binding |
| Molecular Function | GO:0097100 | supercoiled DNA binding |
| Molecular Function | GO:0000976 | transcription cis-regulatory region binding |
| Molecular Function | GO:0003713 | transcription coactivator activity |
| Biological Process | GO:0060326 | cell chemotaxis |
| Biological Process | GO:0071222 | cellular response to lipopolysaccharide |
| Biological Process | GO:0006325 | chromatin organization |
| Biological Process | GO:0006338 | chromatin remodeling |
| Biological Process | GO:0050829 | defense response to Gram-negative bacterium |
| Biological Process | GO:0050830 | defense response to Gram-positive bacterium |
| Biological Process | GO:0032392 | DNA geometric change |
| Biological Process | GO:0006265 | DNA topological change |
| Biological Process | GO:0006351 | DNA-templated transcription |
| Biological Process | GO:0006303 | double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining |
| Biological Process | GO:0002437 | inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus |
| Biological Process | GO:0045087 | innate immune response |
| Biological Process | GO:0045892 | negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
| Biological Process | GO:0010629 | negative regulation of gene expression |
| Biological Process | GO:0000122 | negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
| Biological Process | GO:0006334 | nucleosome assembly |
| Biological Process | GO:0045893 | positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
| Biological Process | GO:0001938 | positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation |
| Biological Process | GO:0045648 | positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation |
| Biological Process | GO:0045089 | positive regulation of innate immune response |
| Biological Process | GO:0032728 | positive regulation of interferon-beta production |
| Biological Process | GO:0045654 | positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation |
| Biological Process | GO:0045944 | positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
| Biological Process | GO:0050767 | regulation of neurogenesis |
| Biological Process | GO:0072091 | regulation of stem cell proliferation |
| Biological Process | GO:0006357 | regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
| Biological Process | GO:0032496 | response to lipopolysaccharide |
| Biological Process | GO:0033151 | V(D)J recombination |
Reference
[1] Yang D, Yin J, Shan L, Yi X, Zhang W et al.. Identification of lysine-lactylated substrates in gastric cancer cells.. iScience 25(7):104630. 2022 Jul 15. PMID: 35800753.
[2] Hong H, Chen X, Wang H, Gu X, Yuan Y et al.. Global profiling of protein lysine lactylation and potential target modified protein analysis in hepatocellular carcinoma.. Proteomics 23(9):e2200432. 2023 May. PMID: 36625413.
[3] He C, Zhang J, Bai X, Lu C, Zhang K. Lysine lactylation-based insight to understanding the characterization of cervical cancer.. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1870(7):167356. 2024 Oct. PMID: 39025375.
[4] Guo X, Ren X, Yan C, Huang H. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Role of Lysine Lactylation in Lenalidomide-Resistance in Multiple Myeloma Cells.. ACS Chem Biol 20(7):1728-1738. 2025 Jul 18. PMID: 40590393.
[5] He J, Lai T, Zhou Z, Yang H, Lei Z et al.. Multiomics profiling reveals the involvement of protein lactylation in nonhomologous end joining pathway conferring radioresistance in lung adenocarcinoma cell.. Sci Rep 15(1):24651. 2025 Jul 9. PMID: 40634431.
[6] Chao L, Xu Y, Yang Y, Ao X, Liang J. Identification of lactylation-related biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment responsiveness in triple-negative breast cancer.. World J Surg Oncol 24(1):77. 2026 Jan 22. PMID: 41566505.
[7] Wu Q, Li Z, Gong T, Zheng X, Zhou X et al.. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection induces lysine lactylation reprogramming in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 16:1706727. 2026. PMID: 41696360.