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Overview

Uniprot IDP52925
Protein NameHigh mobility group protein B2
Gene NameHmgb2
OrganismRattus norvegicus

Kla Sites from experimental identification

Position Flanking peptide
3 *****MGKGDPNKPR

Function

Multifunctional protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. May act in a redox sensitive manner. In the nucleus is an abundant chromatin-associated non-histone protein involved in transcription, chromatin remodeling and V(D)J recombination and probably other processes (By similarity). Binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity. Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS). Proposed to be involved in the innate immune response to nucleic acids by acting as a cytoplasmic promiscuous immunogenic DNA/RNA sensor which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors. In the extracellular compartment acts as a chemokine. Promotes proliferation and migration of endothelial cells implicating AGER/RAGE. Has antimicrobial activity in gastrointestinal epithelial tissues. Involved in inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus coupled with pro-inflammatory activity. May play a role in germ cell differentiation. Involved in modulation of neurogenesis probably by regulation of neural stem proliferation. Involved in articular cartilage surface maintenance implicating LEF1 and the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway (By similarity)

Protein Sequence

10 MGKGDPNKPR 20 GKMSSYAFFV 30 QTCREEHKKK 40 HPDSSVNFAE 50 FSKKCSERWK 60 TMSAKEKSKF 70 EDLAKSDKAR 80 YDREMKNYVP 90 PKGDKKGKKK 100 DPNAPKRPPS 110 AFFLFCSEHR 120 PKIKSEHPGL 130 SIGDTAKKLG 140 EMWSEQSAKD 150 KQPYEQKAAK 160 LKEKYEKDIA 170 AYRAKGKSEV 180 GKKGPGRPTG 190 SKKKNEPEDE 200 EEEEEEEDDE 210 DEEEEDEDEE

Gene Ontology

Classification GO ID Description
Cellular Component GO:0000785 chromatin
Biological Process GO:0008584 male gonad development
Biological Process GO:0045892 negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription
Biological Process GO:1902042 negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors
Biological Process GO:0010629 negative regulation of gene expression
Biological Process GO:0000122 negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
Biological Process GO:0007399 nervous system development
Biological Process GO:0006334 nucleosome assembly
Biological Process GO:0051054 positive regulation of DNA metabolic process
Biological Process GO:0045893 positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription
Biological Process GO:0001938 positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
Biological Process GO:0045648 positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Biological Process GO:0010628 positive regulation of gene expression
Biological Process GO:0045089 positive regulation of innate immune response
Biological Process GO:0032728 positive regulation of interferon-beta production
Biological Process GO:0045654 positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
Biological Process GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
Biological Process GO:0050767 regulation of neurogenesis
Biological Process GO:0072091 regulation of stem cell proliferation
Biological Process GO:0006357 regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
Biological Process GO:0032496 response to lipopolysaccharide
Biological Process GO:0048545 response to steroid hormone
Biological Process GO:0007289 spermatid nucleus differentiation
Biological Process GO:0007283 spermatogenesis
Cellular Component GO:0000793 condensed chromosome
Cellular Component GO:0005737 cytoplasm
Cellular Component GO:0005615 extracellular space
Cellular Component GO:0005730 nucleolus
Cellular Component GO:0005654 nucleoplasm
Cellular Component GO:0005634 nucleus
Cellular Component GO:0048471 perinuclear region of cytoplasm
Cellular Component GO:0032991 protein-containing complex
Molecular Function GO:0042056 chemoattractant activity
Molecular Function GO:0000987 cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
Molecular Function GO:0003684 damaged DNA binding
Molecular Function GO:0003677 DNA binding
Molecular Function GO:0008301 DNA binding, bending
Molecular Function GO:0140297 DNA-binding transcription factor binding
Molecular Function GO:0003690 double-stranded DNA binding
Molecular Function GO:0008289 lipid binding
Molecular Function GO:0044378 non-sequence-specific DNA binding, bending
Molecular Function GO:0019904 protein domain specific binding
Molecular Function GO:0050786 RAGE receptor binding
Molecular Function GO:0003697 single-stranded DNA binding
Molecular Function GO:0097100 supercoiled DNA binding
Molecular Function GO:0000976 transcription cis-regulatory region binding
Molecular Function GO:0003713 transcription coactivator activity
Biological Process GO:0031100 animal organ regeneration
Biological Process GO:0060326 cell chemotaxis
Biological Process GO:0071222 cellular response to lipopolysaccharide
Biological Process GO:0006338 chromatin remodeling
Biological Process GO:0050829 defense response to Gram-negative bacterium
Biological Process GO:0050830 defense response to Gram-positive bacterium
Biological Process GO:0006310 DNA recombination
Biological Process GO:0006265 DNA topological change
Biological Process GO:0006351 DNA-templated transcription
Biological Process GO:0006303 double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining
Biological Process GO:0002437 inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Biological Process GO:0045087 innate immune response

Reference

[1] Chen Y, Sun W, Sun Z, Zhao H, Wu T et al.. Effect of electroacupuncture on hippocampal protein lactylation in a rat model of vascular dementia.. Front Neurol 16:1629474. 2025. PMID: 40963935.